摘要:刑法修正案八将扒窃行为认定为盗窃罪,存在一定的合理性,但是在司法实践中要准确的理解与适用,还有一些问题需要解决。比如盗窃罪在理论上究竟应划为行为犯,还是结果犯,对扒窃行为如何认定罪与非罪,扒窃型盗窃罪的能否未遂,如何量刑如何解决打击面大、取证困难的问题?本文就这些问题做几点分析与思考。
关键词:扒窃 盗窃罪 行为犯 量刑
刑法修正案(八)对刑法第二百六十四条作了修改,将“扒窃”明确纳入盗窃罪的罪状列举之中。所谓“扒窃”就是在公共交通工具上,或车站、码头、商场、集贸市场、影剧院等公共场所,行为人采用秘密窃取的方式,获取他人身上财物的行为。各地“扒窃第一案”纷纷见诸媒体,引起社会广泛关注,如果在司法实践中适用不当则更容易引起不良的社会效果。
一、扒窃入刑的必要性
盗窃罪是最古老的侵犯财产犯罪,几乎与私有制的历史一样久远。一般盗窃行为要求盗窃金额在500元以上,但是刑法修正案八规定,有扒窃行为的,不论金额大小,都构成犯罪。在我国经济社会转型的关键时期,在公共场所中的“扒窃”行为日益增多,扒窃者作案频繁、密集,这种情况已经严重扰乱了社会治安秩序,极大影响了群众的生活和出行安全感,打击“扒窃”行为具有一定的现实意义。但我们应该思考虽然扒窃入刑有一定的现实意义,但扒窃入刑是否会引发就像酒驾入刑一样,人们对吸食毒品后驾车等问题能否入刑的争论,经济社会转型期凸现的矛盾都考虑用最为严厉的刑法来调整是否符合立法的规律。
“扒窃”大都发生在公共交通工具上或者公共场所,在这两种地点,人群相对密集,极容易成为扒窃行为人的首选地点。现在“扒窃”现象还呈现出惯窃、结伙扒窃,甚至多使用小刀、匕首等工具进行辅助的特点,行为人在扒窃时往往三五成群,暗中手持工具,有的被害人因为年龄幼小或者体弱胆怯等等原因,即使发现自己的财物正在被窃取或者虽然知道是谁窃取了自己的财物,但害怕被打击报复,不敢声张。现实中,许多扒窃行为人都是惯偷而且流窜作案,被抓的时候只认现行,之前的不认,因此许多惯偷在被警方抓获后,因数额没有超过盗窃罪立案标准,或难以查证其多次盗窃的事实,多被处以15天的行政拘留、罚款,或者三年以下的劳动教养。行政拘留的处罚较轻,而劳动教养的相关法律规范极不完善,甚至被怀疑存在法之外用刑嫌疑。所以之前的法律不能有效地威慑违法犯罪分子,有效的保障公众的财产安全,还有可能导致法外用刑。而将扒窃行为认定为盗窃罪,施以最严厉的刑罚处罚,一定程度上能够有效震慑扒窃行为者,保障公众的财产安全,增强公众的社会安全感。
二、盗窃罪在理论划分上的新矛盾
传统刑法较多的犯罪是结果犯,而随着社会、经济的不断发展,逐渐增加行为犯,扩大刑法所保护的范围,也成为一种历史的需要。而增加扒窃型的盗窃罪,将盗窃罪所保护的法益从国家、集体和个人的财物的所有权、占有权等扩展到群众出行的安全感,刑法修正案八的文义解释和各地的司法实践,都认定只要实行了扒窃的行为,不论有没有窃取财物,也不论窃取的财物有价值的大小,均构成犯罪。所以扒窃类型的盗窃犯罪就成为新兴的典型的行为犯。
然而,行为犯和结果犯是作为相互对应的两个范畴提出并加以研究的,也就是说两者相互对立,互不包含,非此即彼。如日本有些学者认为:“根据构成要件,以结果发生为不必要,单纯仅以行为为要素的,这种犯罪被称为单纯行为犯。然而,对于大部分犯罪而言,除行为以外,以一定结果为构成要件要素的,这称为结果犯”,① 我国刑法学届对行为犯和结果犯的阐述大同小异,普遍认同日本学者的解释。但是刑法并没有增加一个“扒窃罪”或“组织、领导扒窃罪”的罪名,而直接将其认定为盗窃罪,这就使得盗犯罪一部分是行为犯,一部分又是结果犯:“盗窃公私财物,数额较大的”盗窃犯罪是结果犯,而“多次盗窃、入户盗窃、携带凶器盗窃、扒窃的”盗窃犯罪则是行为犯。而这种新的立法与传统理论之间的矛盾应该得到相关部门的合理解释,才能在司法实践中准确的理解与适用。
笔者认为,既然要把扒窃行为直接认定为犯罪,就可以考虑新设 “扒窃罪”的罪名,从而与传统的盗窃罪区别开来。这里可以借鉴刑法修正案八对交通肇事罪的新规定,刑法修正案八新设一个“危险驾驶罪”的罪名,认为在道路上驾驶机动车追逐竞驶,情节恶劣的,或者在道路上醉酒驾驶机动车的,就构成危险驾驶罪,这就把危险驾驶认定为是一种行为犯,与交通肇事罪区分开来。鉴于立法已经认定扒窃为犯罪,就可以考虑新增一个“扒窃罪”的罪名,而不应在立法时在条文中玩弄标点符号,给人感觉“犹抱琵琶半遮面”。
三、扒窃行为的罪与非罪
扒窃这一涉及面广,人数众多的行为,如果要追究刑事责任,还须慎重。刑罚作为最严厉的处罚,要慎重适用,既要避免打击面过大,要避免短期自由刑导致的不良影响,还要认识到:我国还没有制定完整的前科消灭制度,一旦认定某人为犯罪,将影响终生,这对于教育挽救罪犯,极为不利的,也不符合我国刑法的教育为主的原则。
如果扒窃金额、次数均未达到法定标准,扒窃行为人也不具有其他恶劣情节,对扒窃行为一律处以刑罚,势必会扩大了刑罚的打击面,造成刑罚处罚的不公平与不对等,所以对扒窃行为的定罪还需慎重。张军曾在全国法院刑事审判工作座谈会上表示,对醉酒驾驶者追究刑责应慎重,由于刑法修正案(八)刚刚开始施行,对于这部法律的正确贯彻执行还有很多工作要做。同样,实践中应综合考虑扒窃行为的性质、情节等各项因素,综合考虑行为人的社会危害性和人身危险性,不应仅从文意理解刑法修正案(八)的规定,认为只要扒窃的,哪怕是一分钱没偷到,就一律以犯罪论处。如果扒窃行为情节显著轻微,社会危害不大的,就不应以犯罪论处。同样,对于那些情节轻微,认罪态度好,积极退赃,危害不大的,同样应慎重适用刑罚。
另外,严厉的刑罚并不是有效遏制违法犯罪的万能药,刑罚不在于打击的严厉性,而在于行为人违法犯罪以后能及时被发现并处以刑罚,就扒窃行为来说,多发生在公共场合,涉及面广,破案率不可能太高,行为人在扒窃与被抓获的博弈中,往往倾向于选择扒窃。所以,并不是单靠变更处罚方式,就能够完全减少或杜绝扒窃行为的,执法和司法机关应更多的从提高办案效率,及时准确的打击违法犯罪,才能有效遏制扒窃行为,保障人民的财产安全。
四、扒窃犯罪的既遂与未遂
长期以来我国刑法学界有些学者一直认为行为犯无所谓未遂,同样,扒窃作为一种行为犯也就无所谓未遂可言。如有的认为:“凡行为未发生行为人所预期之结果者,为未遂犯。……此惟实质犯及故意犯有之。形式犯……在性质上均无所谓未遂犯。”② 可见,这种观点是把行为犯与举动犯相等同,认为它们的含义本身就是着手实行即为既遂。对于一般的盗窃罪能否既遂的争议不大,但是对于扒窃类型的盗窃罪是否行为一旦着手实施就构成犯罪?根据郑健才的理解,扒窃型的盗窃罪当然无所谓未遂,所以现实生活中就出现了“零扒窃”的盗窃罪,但是这种理解和适用刑法,结果却是让媒体和群众大跌眼镜。
大多数学者在界定行为犯时并未局限于举动犯的范围,他们对行为犯之既遂与未遂问题是区别对待的。如有日本学者认为:“即便是举动犯那种举动即作为意思活动的行为并非都是一着手就已实行完毕的。在以一定的时间间隔为必要的场合,着手未遂这种形态是可能存在的。”③ 苏联的特拉伊宁博士指出,在实施所谓“形式”犯罪时,无论在事实上或者在法律上未遂无疑都是可能的,像客体不能犯的未遂、手段不能犯的未遂均属之。今天,我国多数学者赞同有些行为犯存在未遂形态,他们无疑受到了上述观点的影响。笔者认为,行为犯应该区分既遂与未遂,而扒窃行为人在没有窃得任何财物,或者在实施扒窃行为的时候被有效制止的情况下,结合案件的其他事实,如果有必要进行刑罚处罚的,应该考虑其未遂的问题。司法实践应该具体问题具体分析,区分情形区别对待。
五、扒窃犯罪的量刑
扒窃犯罪在司法实践中缺少具体的量刑标准。现在社会广泛要求量刑具体化,而最高人民法院制定的于2010年10月1日开始施行的《人民法院量刑指导意见(试行)》规定“达到数额较大起点的,或者一年内入户盗窃或者在公共场所扒窃三次的,可以在三个月拘役至六个月有期徒刑幅度内确定量刑起点。”,而《云南省高级人民法院实施细则》与之同时施行,但是都没有规定扒窃一次的情形如何量刑,另外刑法修正案八是在2011年5月1日开始实行,这个量刑指导意见在其之前公布,根本没有考虑到扒窃一次的情况如何量刑,所以最高人民法院的这份《人民法院量刑指导意见(试行)》和《云南省高级人民法院实施细则》对于扒窃犯罪的量刑并没有实际意义。所以应尽快出台有关扒窃行为的量刑的指导意见,作为司法实践的指导。
综上所述,笔者认为扒窃入刑有其合理性和必要性,但是与之同时还导致盗窃罪的理论划分上的矛盾,打击面大,破案率低,缺乏具体的定罪量刑的指导意见等问题。笔者只做简单的分析,更多的是提出这些问题,以供后来者探讨、研究。
参考文献:
①[日]团藤重光:《刑法纲要总论》,创文社1979年修订版,第114~117页。
② 郑健才:《刑罚总则》,台湾三民书局1985年版,第199页。
③[日]野村埝:《未遂犯研究》,成文堂1984年版,第111页。
(作者单位:云南省大理市人民法院)
关于印发《可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划》的通知
科学技术部 国家发展和改革委员会
关于印发《可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划》的通知
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附件:可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划
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二〇〇七年九月二十二日
附件:可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划.pdf
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and Renewable Energy 0
目录/Contents
一、背景 ............................................................................. 4
I. Background .............................................................. 5
二、宗旨 ............................................................................ 8
II. Purposes .................................................................. 9
三、原则 ........................................................................... 10
III. Principles ............................................................. 11
四、目标 .......................................................................... 12
IV. Objectives ............................................................ 13
五、优先领域 ................................................................... 14
V. Priority Areas ........................................................ 15
六、重点任务 .................................................................. 16
VI. Major Tasks ......................................................... 17
七、组织与管理 .............................................................. 20
VII. Organization and Management .......................... 21
0 可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划
可再生能源与新能源
国际科技合作计划
可再生能源与新能源作为清洁、可持续利用的能
源,为解决人类未来能源供应问题提供了重要的途径和
手段。为提升可再生能源与新能源在中国和全球的发展
和应用技术水平,共同应对全球气候变化,节约能源资
源,实现经济社会可持续发展,建设和谐世界,加强中
国与世界各国在可再生能源与新能源方面的国际科技合
作,特制定“可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划”
(以下简称“计划”)。本计划所称可再生能源与新能
源主要包括太阳能、风能、生物质能、地热能、海洋能
以及氢能、天然气水合物等。
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and Renewable Energy 0
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and
Renewable Energy
As clean and sustainable resources, new and renewable energy
presents important solutions to future energy supply. The International
Science and Technology Cooperation Program on New and
Renewable Energy (hereinafter referred to as the Program) is
introduced with an aim to:
l advance the development and application of new and renewable
energy technologies in China and around the world;
l pool efforts to tackle global climate change, save energy resources
for sustainable socio-economic development and a harmonious world;
l and promote science and technology (S&T) cooperation between
China and other countries in this regard.
In the Program , the term “new and renewable energy” mainly refers to
solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, ocean
energy, hydrogen energy, gas hydrate, and the like.
0 可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划
背景
一、背景
当今社会主要依赖于传统的化石能源,全球总能耗
的74%来自煤炭、石油、天然气等矿物能源。化石能源
的应用推动了社会的发展,但资源却在日益耗尽。同时
化石能源的无节制使用,造成了严重的环境污染和气候
变化问题。世界各国纷纷把发展可再生能源与新能源作
为未来能源战略的重要组成部分,截止到目前,全球有
三十多个发达国家和十几个发展中国家制定了本国的可
再生能源发展目标。
各国都清楚地认识到,能源问题是一个全球性问
题,需要国际社会的共同努力。加强国际科技合作,
大力发展可再生能源与新能源,已经成为各国增加能源
供给,促进节能降耗,保障能源安全,减少温室气体排
放,发展低碳经济,实现经济与社会可持续发展的共同
选择。《京都议定书》的正式生效和清洁发展机制的提
出,为发展可再生能源与新能源,促进这一领域的国际
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and Renewable Energy 0
Background
I. Background
The current world is heavily dependent on fossil fuels which account
for 74% of the global energy consumption in the form of coal,
petroleum, natural gas, etc. Though providing momentum to social
progress, such resources are on the verge of exhaustion and their
excessive use has given rise to severe environmental pollution and
climate change. Hence countries around the world have identified
the development of new and renewable energy as an integral part of
their future energy strategies. Up till now, over 30 developed countries
and more than 10 developing countries have set national targets to
develop renewable energy.
It is widely acknowledged that the issue of energy concerns every
country and calls for joint efforts of the international community. It is
our common choice to intensify international S&T cooperation and
vigorously develop new and renewable energy so as to enhance
energy supply, save energy and reduce consumption, safeguard
energy security, cut down greenhouse gas emissions, foster the
low-carbon economy, and ensure sustainable socio-economic
development. The enforcement of the Kyoto Protocol and the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) has substantially invigorated
the international cooperation on new and renewable energy. With
growing public understanding and acceptance of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) , more and
more countries and international organizations will come to support
0 可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划
背景
合作提供了强大动力。随着人们对联合国《气候变化公
约》的深入理解和广泛接受,发展可再生能源与新能源
将会得到更多国家和国际组织的认同与支持。中国政府
为促进可再生能源与新能源的发展,出台了一系列的政
策与法规,公布实施了《可再生能源法》、《国家中长
期科学技术发展规划纲要(2006-2020年》,编制完成了
《可再生能源中长期发展规划》等,为中国发展可再生
能源与新能源提供了良好的制度环境,也为国际科技合
作创造了有利条件。
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and Renewable Energy 0
Background
the development of new and renewable energy. The Chinese
government has promulgated a series of laws and policies such as the
Law on Renewable Energy and the Outline of National Medium- and
Long-term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006-2020) ,
and formulated the Medium- and Long-Term Renewable Energy
Development Plan . Those are efforts aimed at creating a favorable
environment for tapping new energy and renewables in China and
facilitating international S&T cooperation.
0 可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划
宗旨
二、宗旨
通过国际科技合作向国际社会展示中国依靠科技创
新,积极发展可再生能源与新能源、减少温室气体排放和
建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的决心,以及携手解决
世界未来能源问题的努力;通过选择国际领先和国内急需
的可再生能源与新能源科学技术开展国际科技合作,拓宽
引进先进技术的渠道,促进发达国家先进技术向发展中国
家转移以及发展中国家之间的技术转移,建立国际交流平
台,支持我国先进、实用的能源技术走向国际市场,推动
可再生能源与新能源科学技术的整体发展,促进各国先进
技术的融合;通过国际科技交流合作,积极引进可再生能
源与新能源的技术人才,提高中国可再生能源与新能源的
基础研究水平,解决可再生能源与新能源发展中的关键科
技问题;发展可再生能源与新能源产业,提高能源利用效
率,推进规模化利用程度,有效降低可再生能源与新能源
的使用成本;建立中国与世界各国政府、企业和科研机构
之间的对话、协商和沟通机制。
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and Renewable Energy 0
Purposes
II. Purposes
Through international S&T cooperation, China will demonstrate to
the international community her determination to explore new and
renewable energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and build
a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society by S&T
innovation. China is also committed to joining hands with the world
in facing up to the future energy challenges. China will do her best
in the international efforts in developing world-class technologies for
new and renewable energy, and introduce technologies that meet
the urgent demand at home. The aim is to broaden channels for
technology introduction and facilitate the transfer of such technologies
from the developed to developing countries and among developing
countries as well. A platform for international exchanges is also to be
established to promote China’s advanced and appropriate energy
technologies to the global market, energize the overall S&T advances
in new and renewable energy and help create a synergy of advanced
technologies. International S&T cooperation is expected to bolster
China’s efforts to introduce technical professionals, upgrade the level
of basic research, and resolve key S&T issues in the field of new and
renewable energy. Moreover, such cooperation is to provide impetus
to the new and renewable energy industry, improve energy efficiency,
enhance large-scale use of new energies, and effectively bring down
their costs. Meanwhile, mechanisms for dialogue, consultation and
communication should be put in place to connect China with foreign
authorities, enterprises and research bodies.
10 可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划
原则
三、原则
合作互利共赢。结合世界各国可再生能源与新能源
的优势和特点,按照国际惯例,在科技领域广泛开展双
边和多边合作,互惠互利,合作共赢。
保护知识产权。在可再生能源与新能源的国际科技
合作中,要加强有利于科技进步和科技创新,有利于科技
成果的转化、应用和推广的先进技术的知识产权保护。
先进技术共享。在保护各自知识产权的基础上,加
强各国在可再生能源与新能源基础研究、技术研发、示
范和应用方面的交流与合作,鼓励我国先进新能源技术
进入国际交流平台,促进先进技术和科技资源共享。
集成优势资源。通过“引进来”、“走出去”和其
他新的资源组织方式,充分利用国际、国内两种资源,
提升中国可再生能源产业的技术水平和创新能力,同时
为国际新能源技术推广应用做出贡献。
开展技术创新。通过国际科技合作开展技术创新,
开发高效与环境友好的能源利用新技术,提高能源利用
的总体水平,推动能源新结构的转型与发展。
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and Renewable Energy 11
Principles
III. Principles
Mutually Beneficial and Win-Win Cooperation Bilateral and/or
multilateral S&T cooperation will be conducted in line with international norms
and by taking into account the advantages and characteristics of different
countries for the purpose of a mutually beneficial and win-win scenario.
Protection of Intellectual Property Rights The international S&T
cooperation in new and renewable energy should strengthen the
protection of intellectual property rights(IPR) of advanced technologies
that serve S&T progress and innovation, and the transformation,
application and dissemination of S&T achievements.
Sharing of Advanced Technologies On the basis that each party
protects its own IPR, exchanges and cooperation should be intensified
in the field of new and renewable energy, including basic research,
technology R&D, demonstration and application. The introduction
of China’s advanced technologies to the international exchange
platform should be encouraged and the sharing of the state-of-the-art
technologies and S&T resources should be promoted.
Integration of Strengths The “invite-in” and “go-out” endeavors,
along with other new approaches to mobilizing resources, should make
the best of resources at home and abroad to upgrade the technical level
and innovativeness of China’s renewable energy industry, and promote
the application of the world’s new energy technologies.
Technological Innovation International S&T cooperation is to
expedite technological innovation, develop new technologies that
utilize energy in an efficient and environment-friendly manner,
improve the comprehensive utilization of energy, and stimulate the
transformation towards new energy structures.
12 可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划
目标
四、目标
发展新的国际交流与合作模式,促进各国技术优
势互补,建立技术合作平台。在吸引国外先进技术向
中国转移的同时推动中国的先进技术走出去,加强与
发展中国家的科技合作;制定可再生能源与新能源国
际交流与合作技术指南,参与国际可再生能源与新能
源技术标准规范的制定;促进可再生能源与新能源技
术的引进、消化、吸收和再创新,与国外联合建立先
进技术应用示范项目;以企业为主体,强化产学研合
作,加快可再生能源与新能源科研成果的转化;建立
与发展一批大的示范项目,促进可再生能源与新能源
技术创新;因地制宜、多元化发展,建立可再生能源
与新能源国际科技合作基地,推进可再生能源与新能
源规模化发展;合作培养从事可再生能源与新能源研
究与开发的高层次专业人才队伍。
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and Renewable Energy 13
Objectives
IV. Objectives
Efforts should be made to develop new patterns for international
exchanges and cooperation, encourage countries to complement each
other with respective technological strengths, and set up a platform for
technological cooperation. When attracting the transfer of advanced
foreign technologies, China should also promote her advanced
technologies abroad and further the S&T ties with other developing
countries. A technical guide on the international interaction of new
and renewable energy will be formulated and China will take part in
setting the world’s technical standards. China is to do a better job in
introducing, digesting, and absorbing technologies from abroad, and
conducting re-innovation in new and renewable energy by teaming
up with foreign counterparts and running demonstration projects. It
is also important for China to identify enterprises as the major player
in the fortified industry-education-academia synergy, speed up the
transformation of research findings, initiate and advance a number
of big demonstration projects, and foster technological innovation in
new and renewable energy. In view of local conditions and diversified
developments, bases for international S&T cooperation in new
and renewable energy should be established to foster large-scale
development. Joint training will be carried out to nurture high-caliber
professionals for the R&D in the field of new and renewable energy.
14 可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划
优先领域
五、优先领域
重点支持以下领域的基础科学与应用技术研究。
(1)太阳能发电与太阳能建筑一体化
太阳能光热发电和光伏发电系统,薄膜太阳能电池
和其它新型太阳能电池,太阳能综合建筑,低成本、低
污染太阳能高纯硅材料生产技术,太阳能热利用技术工
业应用等。
(2)生物质燃料与生物质发电
非粮能源作物、纤维素原料乙醇、能源林业植物、生
物柴油、生物质成型燃料、生物质气化、沼气及发电等。
(3)风力发电
风能资源评估,大型高效风电机组,海上风电机组
及风电场建设等。
(4)氢能及燃料电池
制氢(太阳能、核能等)、储氢和输氢技术,新型
燃料电池与燃料电池汽车技术等。
(5)天然气水合物开发
天然气水合物勘探、开发、储运、利用技术等。
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and Renewable Energy 15
Priority Areas
V. Priority Areas
Support will be provided primarily to research on basic science and
applied technologies in the following fields:
1. Integration of Solar Power Generation and Solarpowered
Building Structures
solar thermal/photovoltaic power generation systems, thin-film PV
cells and other new types of PV cells, buildings integrated with solar
energy, low-cost and low-pollution production technology of high-purity
silicon materials, the industrial application of solar thermal technology
and so on.
2. Biomass Fuels and Biomass Power Generation
Non-food energy crops and ethanol from cellulose materials, energy
forestry, bio-diesel, biomass briquettes and biomass gasification,
biogas and power generation, and so on.
3. Wind Power Generation
Wind energy resources assessment, large high efficiency wind
turbines, offshore wind turbines and the building of wind farms.
4. Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells
Technologies for the production, storage and transportation of
hydrogen, and technologies for new types of fuel cells and fuel cell
automobiles.
5. Development of Gas Hydrates
Technologies for the exploration, development, storage, transportation,
and utilization of gas hydrates.
16 可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划
重点任务
六、重点任务
(1)开展基础研究
鼓励和支持中国研发机构与大学积极参与可再生能
源与新能源的国际合作研究与交流,开展新技术的基础
理论研究,显著增强基础科学和前沿技术研究的综合实
力,取得一批在世界上具有重大影响的科技理论成果。
(2)建立产业化示范
重点跟踪、引进和研究国际适宜低成本、规模化开发
利用可再生能源与新能源的先进技术,开展可再生能源资
源禀赋的系统评价及分布式可再生能源与新能源多能互补
系统等研发工作。可再生能源与新能源的发展是以现代制
造技术为基础的新型产业,因此要重点合作开发其装备设
计与制造技术,合作建立国际化的检测中心。
(3)面向规模应用
积极参与制定可再生能源与新能源的国际化和地区
性技术标准与规范,为新产品进入市场提前做好准备。
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and Renewable Energy 17
Major Tasks
VI. Major Tasks
1. Basic Research
Efforts should be made to encourage and support the active
participation of Chinese research institutes and universities in
international joint research and exchanges concerning new and
renewable energy, carry out basic theoretical studies on new
technologies, substantially enhance the overall capacity in basic
sciences and frontier technology studies, and accomplish a number of
S&T theoretical findings that are of high global impacts.
2. Industrial Demonstration
China is to stay focused on tracking, introducing and studying
advanced technologies that serve the cost-effective and large-scale
development and utilization of new and renewable energy, conduct
system appraisal of renewable resources endowment, and devote
R&D efforts to the distributed new and renewable energy systems
that provide multiple, mutually reinforcing forms of new energy. Given
that new and renewable energy presents a new type of industry that
is based on modern manufacturing technology, one cooperation
priority is to develop technologies for the design and manufacturing of
equipment, and set up international testing centers.
3. Scale Application
Play an active role in setting international and regional technical
standards related to new and renewable energy, and prepare for the
18 可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划
重点任务
交流和借鉴国外发展可再生能源与新能源的规划、政策
及管理经验,建立和完善中国的法规与管理制度。
(4)实施“走出去”战略
鼓励中国企业、研发机构和大学走出去,积极参与
国内外大型可再生能源与新能源合作项目,并在国内外
合作建立研发中心或基地,与有关国家建立可再生能源
与新能源长期合作伙伴关系,同时推动发达国家向发展
中国家及发展中国家之间的技术转移。
(5)促进国际交流和对话
建立与发展可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作对话
机制,交流在能源开发与利用方面的观点和经验,共同
探讨解决发展瓶颈的方法与策略。以论坛、研讨会、政
策对话等形式加强中国与世界各国政府、企业和科研机
构之间的对话、协商和沟通。
(6)培养高层次人才
利用合作研究项目、合作研究中心和示范工程等国
际科技合作交流平台,共同培养从事可再生能源与新能
源研发的高层次专业人才队伍。
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and Renewable Energy 19
Major Tasks
market entry of new products. Collaborate with foreign counterparts
and draw on their managerial expertise and experience in making
plans and policies for new and renewable energy, with a view to
establish and improve a Chinese regulatory and management system.
4. Pursue the “Go-out” Strategy
Efforts should be made to motivate Chinese enterprises, research
institutes and universities to go global and play active roles in big
cooperative projects in new and renewable energy, build up joint
R&D centers or bases, forge long-term cooperative partnerships with
countries concerned in this field, and stimulate technology transfer
from the developed to developing countries and among developing
countries.
5. Promote International Exchanges and Dialogues
It is important to develop dialogue mechanisms for international S&T
cooperation in new and renewable energy, in order to exchange ideas
of energy development and utilization, and pool efforts to look for
solutions to bottlenecks. Through various channels such as forums,
seminars and policy dialogues, China will be more engaged in the
dialogue, consultation and communication with foreign authorities,
enterprises and research bodies.
6. Nurture High-caliber Professionals
By taking advantage of joint research projects, joint R&D centers,
demonstration projects and other platforms for international S&T
cooperation, China aims to team up with foreign counterparts to
nurture high-caliber professionals for the R&D in the field of new and
renewable energy.
20 可再生能源与新能源国际科技合作计划
组织与管理
七、组织与管理
(1)成立计划组织机构
由国家科技部与国家发展与改革委联合协调有关
政府部门、国际组织和重要科研机构,组织实施“计
划”。成立“计划”国际科技合作指导委员会,启动国
际合作机制。
由科技部和国家发展与改革委联合组织,在全球范
围内聘请可再生能源领域的高层次专家,成立“计划”
国际科技合作专家咨询委员会,对“计划”的优先领
域、重点任务和合作方式提出咨询建议,供指导委员会
决策。
(2)设立专项资金
将安排专项资金启动“计划”,吸引外国政府和国
际组织的资金共同推动“计划”实施。同时重视吸引国
际大型能源企业以及其他企业和私营资本投入可再生能
源与新能源国际科技合作。
International Science and Technology
Cooperation Program on New and Renewable Energy 21
Organization and Management
VII. Organization and Management
1. Setting up an Organizing Agency
The implementation of the Program will be jointly organized by
the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the National
Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) of China, and carried
out by government agencies, international organizations and major
research institutes. A Steering Committee on International S&T
Cooperation will be established for the Program to initiate international
endeavors. MOST and NDRC will extend worldwide invitations to
high-level experts on new and renewable energy in a bid to establish
an Expert Consultation Committee on International S&T Cooperation
to provide the Steering Committee with suggestions on priority fields,
major tasks, and cooperation patterns of the Program.
2. Special Funds
Special funds will be arranged for the launch of the Program with
a view to attracting financial input from foreign governments and
international organizations for the implementation of the Program.
Equal attention will be given to soliciting private capital and investment
from the business sector, especially the international energy giants,
for the purpose of stimulating international S&T cooperation in the
field of new and renewable energy.